竹炭陶土复合材料的制备和结构性能表征

以竹炭粉、陶土为主要原料,经混合、成型、干燥和煅烧等工艺制得竹炭陶土复合材料(以下称竹炭陶),采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)仪、拉曼光谱测试仪(Raman)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和比表面积测试仪等仪器,对竹炭陶的微晶构造、孔隙结构、吸附和红外辐射性能等进行表征。结果表明:竹炭微粒镶嵌在陶土基体中,保留原有以中孔为主的孔隙结构和类石墨化晶体结构,获得的竹炭陶具有较大的比表面积和中孔为主的孔隙结构,能有效地吸附甲醛、苯等有害气体。加入一定量的竹炭能提高竹炭陶的远红外发射率,其红外发射率均高于陶土和竹炭,结合红外吸收光谱谱图分析,竹炭陶具有高红外发射率的本质在于具有倍频吸收、分子基团振动、转动及晶格振动。     

植物修复对锰尾渣污染土壤特性的影响

采用盆栽法研究栽培美洲商陆和大豆进行植物修复后,锰尾渣污染土壤特性的变化。栽培美洲商陆和大豆可增加土壤的碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾和有机质。栽培植物后,土壤pH值变化不显著,但土壤磷酸酶、尿酶、蛋白酶、蔗糖酶、硝酸还原酶和脱氢酶的活性都高于对照。栽培植物可影响土壤锰和镉的形态分布,降低土壤锰和镉总含量,减少土壤水溶性锰和镉含量。在锰尾渣污染区域,混种美洲商陆与大豆进行植物修复,改良土壤特性更佳。     

高粱与旱稻属间杂交部分遗传物质导入的F3及BC1表型鉴定

以高粱（S．bicolor）为母本、旱稻（O．sativa）为父本进行属问杂交，F1出现双亲没有的短芒和黄色柱头新性状，并能在F2、F3及BC 1 稳定遗传。F1在株高、穗长、穗型、分蘖性等性状上仍疯狂分离，并出现父本白色籽粒单株。BC1在株高、分蘖二性状上接近父本，回交效应非常明显，t测定无差异，并出现多子房新性状。高梁与旱稻杂交及回交，能创造变异，产生新性状，对创造矮秆、优质、多子房新种质十分有效。然而，二者杂交后代主体性状仍似母本，只表现父本少数性状。属于部分遗传物质导入。     

渠井用水比对灌区降水响应及其环境效应分析

渠井结合灌区适宜渠井用水比例关系灌区地下水环境和区域农业可持续发展。该文以人民胜利渠灌区为例,集合了灌区1954-2014年农业用水量及降水量、研究区域2008-2014年渠井用水比、地下水埋深、地下水水化学特征数据,分析了降雨量、地下水动态特征与渠井用水比例的相关性,以期探明渠井结合灌区渠井用水比对降雨的响应及其对土壤和地下水环境的影响。结果表明,典型渠井结合灌区渠井用水比与年降水量呈线性正相关;渠系上游地下水水位变化较下游更为剧烈,在用水水平、用水方式一致条件下,渠井用水比例越大,地下水埋深超过11 m区域增幅越小,较大的渠井用水比例对于上游地下水位下降减缓效果明显;平水期、枯水期,由于渠井用水比例不合理,地下水无序开采且超采严重,区域地下水碱化趋势明显;受气候变化影响,近5 a渠灌水量仅为多年均值的75.52%,未来区域降水量具有减小趋势,这势必进一步加剧农业水资源紧缺的形式。为了满足农业的正常生产,增加灌区地下水开采成为唯一解决途径,这势必加剧地下水的碱化趋势及地下水超采区的扩大。因此,确定灌区适宜的渠井用水比例对于灌区水资源的科学利用与农业的可持续发展具有重要意义。     

Diversity in White Lupin (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lupinus albus</Emphasis> L.) Landraces from Northwest Iberianplateau

All the accessions (35) of white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) landraces collected from northwest Iberian plateau and maintained at the Spanish germplasm collection (CRF of INIA), were studied with the general objective of assessing the biodiversity of these landraces and to ascertain their value as genetic resources for the development of germplasm adapted to the areas where they were collected with long and chilly winters. The characterization study comprised 51 qualitative and 50 quantitative characters. Quantitative parameters were analyzed by Principal Components Analysis (PCA). The 2-dimensional plot (49.3% of cumulative variability) formed a main group of accessions and 4 outliers (#1, #9, #27 and #28) separated in the first PC. The characters with a higher contribution to the first PC were inflorescence length, leaf petiole length and leaf central foliole area. The presence of alkaloids, the percentage of plants killed by soil borne fungal diseases, the phenology, the yield per plant and yield components were also assessed. Twenty six accessions (the main group in the PCA plot) showed high homogeneity, with the following highlights: bitterness, indeterminate growth habit, early ripeness and spring sowing with the exception of #18, in which seeding date is unknown and it had a later phenology. By contrast accessions #9 and #27 were bitter of autumn sowing with determinate growing habit and they had the longest values of primary inflorescence length and a later phenology when they were sown in spring. Average values for yield and yield components showed a broad range of variation between accessions. The main yield component was the number of pods per plant. Accession #22 had the highest mean seed mass, although this had not significant influence in yield. Accession #17 showed the highest yield and #1 the lowest. This last also had the lowest values of inflorescence length, leaf petiole length and leaf central foliole area. No significant differences of resistance to soil-borne fungi were found between accessions. The year had a significant effect in the phenology, yield and yield components except for number of seeds per pod. The studied material might be of interest for the development of spring sowing germplasm adapted to north Iberian peninsula.     

淡水环境中可溶有机质研究进展

论述了淡水环境中可溶有机质(DOM)在分离与分析方法、来源与特征,以及环境意义等方面的研究进展。指出了在分离方法上,从XAD树脂分离到反渗透膜分离已经发展出各种分离技术;在分析方法上,现代波谱分析技术得到了广泛应用。DOM是由在来源、年龄、存在状态、后生改造等方面存在巨大差异的不同有机质混合构成的,因而呈现出十分复杂的非均质结构。DOM通过其自身的生物可利用性、改变有机污染物和重金属的生物可利用性及其耗氧能力影响环境质量,而且其自身的一些地球化学特征也能用来反映环境的变化特点。最后简述了湿地淡水环境中DOM的研究趋势和展望。     

试述结合场地特征的景观设计——以山西大同“桐城怡景”为例

场地特征是场地传达出来的信息,包括空间上的自然特征和时间上的人文特征。通过分析大同"桐城怡景"景观,探讨场地特征对于设计的重要意义,并为该场地找寻出合适的设计语言。     

球磨-酶解法制备纳米竹纤维的结构表征

采用机械球磨对竹纤维进行预处理,再经纤维素酶水解制备纳米竹纤维。通过光学显微镜(OM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、傅立叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)对竹纤维的形貌、组成、光谱学性能以及晶体特性进行了表征。实验结果表明:球磨法和酶解法在一定程度上都可以细化竹纤维;球磨预处理有助于竹纤维的酶解过程,且球磨-酶解法制备的纳米竹纤维粒径在100 nm左右;所制备的纳米竹纤维仍然保持竹纤维的基本化学结构,但球磨处理破坏了纤维素的结晶结构,其结晶度由64.15%降低到了38.55%。     

Ope Pot Synthesis and Characterization of Safener R-28725

The title compound was synthesized by a one pot synthesis method with ethanolamine,ketone and dichloroacetyl chloride.The product was characterization by IR,^1H-NMR,UV,and elementary analysis.